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The Irish in South America - An Annotated Bibliography Part 1
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Frederic von Allendorfer, "An Irish regiment in Brazil, 1826-28" in The Irish Sword, Vol. III, No. 10 (Summer 1957), pp. 18-31. Solid account of Col. William Cotter's plan to settle 2,400 Irish men, women and children in Brazil. Poorly planned expedition subjected Irish men to immediate military draft and violent nativist reaction organized by government ministers hostile to the European immigration favoured by Emperor Dom Pedro I. But Cotter's expedition was not, as Allendorfer claims, the last Irish attempt to settle in Brazil. See Araujo Neto, Lauth, McGinn's "Irish in Brazil", Platt, and Scully, below.
An Officer Late in the Colombian Service, The Present State of Colombia; containing an account of the principal events of its revolutionary war; the expeditions fitted out in England to assist in its emancipation; its constitution; financial and commercial laws; revenue expenditure and public debt; agriculture; mines; mining and other associations; with a map exhibiting its mountains, rivers, departments and provinces (London: John Murray, Albermarle Street, 1827). Anonymous author identified by Hasbrouck (below, pp. 329-30) as Colonel Francis Hall, a member of General John Devereux's personal staff who reached South America with the Irish Legion's organizer in 1820 and served as an engineer under Bolivar. Hall's account confirms that while Devereux never engaged in any active service, he "realized an ample fortune by the part he has taken in the cause of South American independence."
See 1824 and 1827 entries under Colonel Francis Hall, below.
Miguel Alexandre de Araujo Neto, "An Anglo-Irish Newspaper in Nineteenth Century Brazil: The Anglo-Brazilian Times, 1865-84" in ABEI Newsletter (Brazilian Association for Irish Studies, University of Sao Paulo), No. 8, August 1994, pp. 11-13. Irish-born William Scully (see below) as a journalist and promoter of immigration to Brazil. See also Lauth, Platt, and Marshall, English-Language Press, below.
Pablo E. Arguindeguy & Jose R. Bamio, Guillermo Brown: Iconografia (Buenos Aires: Instituto Browniano, 1996). Artistic representations, including daguerreotypes, lithographs and oil paintings, of the Mayo-born founder of Argentina's Navy (see de Courcy Ireland, Admiral, and Ratto, below). Catalogues Brown's uniforms and personal effects in museums; monuments, medals, coins and stamps honouring Brown.
David Barnwell, "19th Century Irish Emigration to Argentina", a 23-page lecture delivered at Columbia University's Irish Studies Seminar, New York, April 15, 1988. Although unpublished, the paper has been widely distributed by Argentina's embassies and consulates. Thoughtful, well informed essay surveying the entire range of Irish contacts with Argentina and neighbouring territories from the 16th through 19th Centuries. Gaps in research, some of which have since been addressed by McKenna in "Irish migration" and Nineteenth Century, are pointed out here and in Barnwell, "Southern Cousins".
David Barnwell, "The Southern Cousins" in The Irish Literary Supplement, Spring 1989. Review of Eduardo Coghlan's Los Irlandeses en la Argentina, below.
Fernando L.B. Basto, Ex-Combatentes Irlandeses em Taperoa (Rio de Janeiro: Editorial Vozes, 1971). Two hundred of Cotter's recruits (see von Allendorfer, above) form a short-lived agricultural colony in Bahia. Survivors made their way to Argentina (see McGinn, "Irish in Brazil", Mulhall, English in South America, and Thomas Murray, below). Passenger lists of two ships in original expedition. See also R. Walsh, Notices, below.
Derek Bedson, "Butlers in South America", Journal of The Butler Society (Suffolk, UK), Vol. 3, No. 2 (1988-1989), pp. 197-201. The route to Argentina for this Ballinakill, Co. Laois family was via Spain, where their relatives through marriage, the Langtons, were merchants based in Cadiz. In South America, the Butlers (or Butelers, as the surname is commonly spelled) established family branches and business networks in 18th century Buenos Aires and Cordoba and later at Montevideo (in modern Uruguay).
Mario Belgrano, Repatriacion de los restos del general Juan O'Brien, Guerrero de la Independencia Sud Americana ((Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft Ltda., 1938). Documents collected and published by a Committee of Homage to coincide with the repatriation to Argentina of the remains of John Thomond O'Brien, a hero of the Independence struggle who died in Lisbon. Includes biographical sketch of O'Brien by Mario Belgrano. See also Figueroa, Vida; Michael Mulhall, English; and Vicuna Mackenna, El general, below.
John Brabazon, Andanzas de un Irlandes en el campo porteno, (1845-1864); traduccion del ingles de Eduardo A. Coghlan, con notas del autor y del traductor (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Culturales Argentinas, 1981). A Westmeath emigrant's travels in Argentina.
A.E.C. Bredin, A History of the Irish Soldier (Belfast: Century Books, 1987). Analyzes role of Irish regiments in British attacks on Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807 (see McKenna, "Irish migration" and Pyne, Invasions, below). Brief mention of "The Other Wild Geese"--Irish soldiers in South America's War of Independence.
Brian De Breffny, "Ambrose O'Higgins: An Enquiry into his Irish Origins" in The Irish Ancestor, Vol. II, No. 2 (1970), pp. 81-89. Was Spain's Viceroy to Peru, and the father of Bernardo O'Higgins, born in Sligo or Meath? See also Cayol, below.
Alyn Brodsky, Madame Lynch & Friend: The true account of an Irish adventuress and the dictator of Paraguay who destroyed that American nation (New York: Harper & Row, 1975). The 19th C fantasy life and fortune of Eliza Lynch from Cork shattered by Francisco Solano Lopez and a suicidal war. See Hoyt Williams and Young, below.
Guillermo Brown, Memorias del Almirante Brown (Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1957). Documents from Argentina's Naval Archives published by National Commission of Homage to Admiral William Brown on the centenary of his death. Includes account by Brown of his controversial privateering raids in the Pacific, 1815-1816, with his brother M. Mac Brown and Captain Hipolito Bouchard. See also Caillet-Bois, de Courcy Ireland's Admiral and "Admiral", and Micheline Walsh, below.
William Bulfin, Tales of the Pampas (Buenos Aires: Literature of Latin America, 1997). Short stories by an immigrant author born in Co. Offaly, capturing life on Argentina's grasslands and the transformation of the Irish in Argentina into Irish-Argentines. Bilingual edition, with introductions by Alejandro Patricio Clancy (Spanish) and Susan Wilkinson (English). Original edition published by Fisher & Unwin in London, 1900.
Philip Caraman, The Lost Paradise: an account of the Jesuits in Paraguay, 1607-1768 (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1975). Role of Fr. Thomas Field from Limerick in founding the Jesuit missions in Paraguay. See Furlong Cardiff and MacErlean, below.
Ricardo R. Caillet-Bois, Nuestros Corsarios: Brown y Bouchard en el pacifico, 1815-1816 (Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas, 1930). Dispatched from Buenos Aires in 1815-1816 to raid Spain's ports and shipping on South America's Pacific Coast, William Brown bypassed Argentina on the way back and took his prize money to the British West Indies. Examines whether Brown acted as a privateer or pirate, and whether he intended, as some claimed, to desert. See also Brown, Memorias, above; de Courcy Ireland's Admiral and "Admiral", and Micheline Walsh, below.
Leon G. Campbell, "The Foreigners in Peruvian Society during the Eighteenth Century" in Revista de Historia de America (Mexico), Numeros 73-73, Enero-Diciembre de 1972, pp. 153-163. A roster of Peru's foreign-born population in 1775 reveals Juan Ignacio Black, an Irish engineer who extracted water from mines; Juan Costeloe, employed by the Royal Mint at Potosi; and merchants with Irish or Hiberno-Spanish surnames in Cochabamba, La Paz, Tacna and Trujillo.
Nigel Cawthorne, The Empress of South America (London: Heinemann, 2003). Biography of Eliza Lynch, Cork-born partner of Paraguay's 19th century ruler Francisco Solano Lopez, and her role in the destruction of her adoptive home during the War of The Triple Alliance, 1865-1870.
See review at:
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Rafael Cayol, El Baron de Ballenary (Buenos Aires, 1989). Biography of Ambrose O'Higgins, Spain's Irish-born Viceroy in Peru, 1795-1801. See De Breffny, above.
Stephen Clissold, Bernardo O'Higgins and the Independence of Chile (London, 1968). Chile's founding father was the son of Ambrose O'Higgins (see De Breffny and Cayol, above), Spain's viceroy in Peru. See also Vicuna Mackenna, Vida de O'Higgins, below.
Eduardo A. Coghlan, El Aporte de los Irlandeses a la formacion de la nacion Argentina (Buenos Aires: Libreria Alberto Casares, 1982). Irish soldiers in the British Invasions of 1806-1807; passenger lists and newspaper records of Irish arriving between 1822 and 1880; and lists of 'Hiberno-Argentine' names in the 1855, 1869 and 1895 Censuses.
Eduardo A. Coghlan, Los Irlandeses en la Argentina: Su Actuacion y Descendencia (Buenos Aires: Libreria Alberto Casares, 1987). The late Irish-Argentine genealogist details the Irish origins and descendants of 3,667 original emigrants to Argentina. See review by Barnwell, "The Southern Cousins", above.
Comision de repatriacion de los restos mortales del general O'Brien, Repatriacion de los restos del general Juan O'Brien, Guerrero de la Independencia Sud Americana ((Buenos Aires: Guillermo Kraft Ltda., 1938). See under Mario Belgrano, alternate author, above.
Michael G. Connaughton, "A Day in Capitan Sarmiento" in Irish Roots Magazine, 2003, No. 4, pp. 18-19. See also Irish America Magazine, Vol. XX, No. I (January/February 2004), pp. 52-55. UK-born writer of Irish descent explores the broad history of Argentina's Irish settlement through the lens of a modern-day pilgrimage to the Monastery of St. Paul's Retreat to honor an Irish missionary priest. Capitan Sarmiento, located on the pampas west of Buenos Aires, was one of the focal points of 19th century Irish settlement.
Willaim Duane, A Visit to Colombia in the Years 1822 & 1823 (Philadelphia: T.H. Palmer, 1826). Radical Jeffersonian journalist, born in New York to Irish parents and educated in the printing trades in Ireland. With his writing skills subsequently honed in India, he returned to the U.S. in 1795 and became editor of the Aurora, the leading newspaper of the Jeffersonian Democrats. Duane visited South America after retiring as editor of the Aurora. His book details a rather leisurely trip from Caracas to Cartagena de Indias, via Bogota. Duane never gives details of the motive for his
trip, but it appears he was sent to South America to collect a business debt owed to someone in Philadelphia. Interesting observations about contemporarary social conditions and political situation, also recounts several meetings with survivors of Devereux's Irish Legion.
James Dunkerley, The Third Man: Francisco Burdett O'Connor and the Emancipation of the Americas (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, Occasional Papers No. 20, 1999). Inaugural lecture by the Director of the University of London's Institute of Latin American Studies, June 1999. See also Franciso Burdett O'Conor, Un Irlandes con Bolivar, below.
James Dunkerley, El Tercer Hombre: Francisco Burdett O'Connor y la Emancipacion de las Americas. Traduccion, Claudia Kur (La Paz, Bolivia: Plural Editores, 2000). Claudia Kur's Spanish translation of Dunkerley, above.
Enrique Echavarría, "Extranjeros en Antioquia", in Progreso, Núm. 38-39, Medellín (Agosto-Septiembre 1942).
Foreigners living in Medellin included Dr. Hugo Blair Brown (see Echeverri M., next) from Co. Donegal and the British Legion's band director Edward Gregrory MacPherson.
Aquiles Echeverri M., Sangre Irlandesa en Antioquia: biographia del doctor Hugo Blair Brown, miembro de la "Legion Britanica" y medico-colonel de los ejercitos patriotas (Medellin, Colombia: Academia Antioquena de Historia, 1972). Biography of Dr. Hugo Blair Brown, one of the many medical doctors of Irish birth who served with the 19th C independence armies of Simon Bolivar. During the campaign in Peru, the Donegal-born Dr. Blair was surgeon of Arthur Sandes' Rifles Battalion. After the war, he settled in Medellin, Colombia, where he married and raised a family. See O'Connor, Hasbrouck, and Lambert, Voluntarios, Tomo I.
See also references in survey of foreigners' role in history of Medellin:{}
Anne Enright, The Pleasure of Eliza Lynch (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Cork-born beauty stars as mistress of crazed South American dictator in this work of historical fiction set in 19th century Paraguay. See review at:
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(William O. Ferguson), "Journal From Lima to Caracas, Commencing Sept. 4, 1826", by Colonel William O. Ferguson of the Colombian Army. 16 pp. Unpublished transcript of journal kept by Co. Antrim-born Irish officer in Bolivar's service, as he commanded vanguard of the Army escorting Bolivar from Lima to his native Venezuela. Entries dated 4 September 1826 through 16 January 1827 deal with terrain, climate, crops, people and problems encountered in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Introduction by author's grand-nephew includes Col. Ferguson's 'Record of Service' from 1818 until his assassination in Bogota, 28 September 1828, aged 29.
Pedro Pablo Figueroa, Vida del General Don Juan O'Brien, Heroe de la Independencia Sud Americana, Irlandes de nacimiento, chileno de adopcion (Santiago, Chile: Imprente Mejia, de A. Poblete Garin, 1904). Biography of John Thomond O'Brien, the Wicklow-born soldier who served through the Independence struggle in Argentina, Chile and Peru as ADC to Jose de San Martin. See also Belgrano, above, Michael Mulhall, English, and Vicuna Mackenna, El general, below.
Pedro Pablo Figueroa, Historia del popular escritor Don Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, su vida, su caracter i sus obras. Cincuenta anos de la historia politica, literaria i social de Chile (Santiago, Chile: Impr. Barcelona, 1903). Biography of prolific Chilean historian Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna, author or more than one hundred books. Grandson of General Juan Mackenna (see Tellez Yanez and Vicuna Mackenna's Vida, below).
Lawrence F. Flick, "Mathias James O'Conway, Philologist, Lexicographer and Interpreter of Languages, 1766-1842" in Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. X, No. 3 (Sept. 1899), pp. 257-299; Vol. X, No. 4 (Dec. 1899), pp.385-422; Vol. XI, No. 1 (March 1900), pp. 9-32; Vol. IX, No 2 (June 1900), pp.156-177. Details the roles played by the children of this Galway-born immigrant to the U.S. in Latin America's Wars of Independence. Sons Joseph and Mathias Santiago--familiarly known as James--enlisted in the Barlovento Regiment of Simon Bolivar's Army in Venezuela. James, an infantry officer, was killed in action leading a charge against Spanish forces in 1812. Joseph, who served as a surgeon in the same regiment, survived to later enlist in the U.S. Navy and participate in the 1815 Battle of New Orleans. Daughter Isabel married Patricius O'Madden, an Irish "patriot" who immigrated to Chile and fought as an officer under Bernardo O'Higgins in Chile's liberation struggle. Son Columbkille Mathias left for South America at 18 years and was never heard from again. After resigning his U.S. Navy commission, Joseph practiced medicine in Mexico and died there, at Zacatecas, in May 1830. Columbkille R. (not to be confused with Columbkille Mathias) also settled in Mexico, where he practiced medicine. In an 1828 letter to his father from Vera Cruz, he described Spain's attempt to crush the Mexico's independence struggle. He died at Carmen, Laguna de Terminos, Mexico in March 1843, leaving a wife and three children.
For a survey of the career of Mathias James O'Conway Sr., see the Princess Grace Irish Library EIRData web site:
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A paper read by David Barnwell, "Maitias ó Conmhaí: Teangeolaí (1766-[1842)" at the School of Celtic Studies/DIAS, 22 Samhain 2002, is accessible via the DIAS web site link, at bottom of the PGIL EIRData page above.
Guillermo Furlong, S.J., Misiones y sus pueblos de Guaranies, 1610-1813 (Buenos Aires, 1962). Famous Jesuit missions--known as Reductionsto the Guarani Indians of Paraguay. The Irish Jesuit Thomas Field (Furlong, next) was one of the founders.
Guillermo Furlong Cardiff, Tomas Fields, S.J., y su "Carta al preposito general, 1601" (Buenos Aires: Casa Pardo, 1971). Jesuit missionary from Limerick who, after a decade in Brazil, 1577-1587, helped establish the famous Jesuit missions to the Guarani Indians of Paraguay. See Furlong, above; Gwynn, Father Thomas, Kirby and MacErlean, below.
John S. Gaynor, The History of St. Patrick's College in Mercedes (Buenos Aires: The Southern Cross, 1958).
Laurence M. Geary, "Fraternally Yours: Roderic and Francis Burdett O'Connor" in the Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society, Vol. XCV, No. 254 (January-December 1990), pp. 120-123. An 1836 letter from Bolivia, on deposit in the National Library of Australia, reveals the longing of an aging Francis Burdett O'Connor to re-establish contact with his half-brother Roderic, who had settled in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1824. There is no evidence of any reply from Australia, where Roderic had prospered as a landowner and employer of convict labour. See Lambert (1974), O'Connor (1977) and Williams (1929) below for more on the Bolivian aspects; see Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1987) for an unflattering portrait of Roderic's activities in Australia.
William D. Griffin, "The Other Irish Americans" in ibid., The Book of Irish Americans (New York: Random House/Times Books, 1990), pp. 95-97. A pioneering but unreliable account of the roles of Irish soldiers and seamen in South America's independence struggles. Among the errors: John Thomond O'Brien did not serve under Bolivar in the north but under San Martin in the south; Arthur or Arturo Sandes is misidentified as "Edward"; and William Brown was not a "Galway soldier" but a merchant from Foxford, Co. Mayo.
Griffin's rendition of the Irish part in the aftermath of Brazil's peaceful separation from Portugal is more accurate, as is his summary of the role of Eliza Lynch in Paraguay. However, Griffin's reference to "names of note in the library world, like O'Gorman in Mexico and McKenna in Peru", again raises questions about his research. (While it is true that historian and philosopher Edmundo O'Gorman is a noted scholar in the Mexican "library world", one can't help thinking that a reference to his brother Juan O'Gorman, the world-famous muralist and architect who, among other accomplishments, designed Mexico's National Library, would have been more appropriate). And the Mackenna family did and does not live in Peru, but in Chile: see Vicuna Mackenna in Part 2, below; and Figueroa, Historia, above.
Elgy Gillespie, "Argentina--land of prosperity and prestige for the Irish", The Irish Times, October, 6, 1977. How The Southern Cross (see below), described here as a "weekly magazine" with "5,000 subscribers and a readership of many times more" has kept a thriving Irish-Argentine community in touch with each other for over a century. Editors listed, from founder Monsignor Patricio Jose Dillon through Fr. Federico Richards, descended maternally from a 1798 Wexford rebel named Kehoe, and under whose stewardship the weekly had recently (1975) celebrated its centenary.
Joyce Goldberg, "Patrick Egan: Irish-American Minister to Chile, 1889-93" in Eire-Ireland, Vol. XIV, No. 3 (1979), pp. 83-95. Longford-born Irish nationalist becomes a vigorous defender of his adopted nation's interests as U.S. diplomat in Chile.
Andrew Graham-Yooll, The Forgotten Colony: A History of the English-Speaking Communities in Argentina (London: Hutchinson, 1981). Good coverage of Irish personalities and events from the detached perspective of an experienced, Argentine-born editor of the Anglo-American community's newspaper, the Buenos Aires Herald.
Andrew Graham-Yooll, Imperial Skirmishes: War and Gunboat Diplomacy in Latin America (New York: Interlink Publishing Group, Inc., 2002). First published in 1983 under the title Small Wars You May Have Missed, this volume focuses on the 19th and early 20th century disputes that drew South American nations into armed conflict with each other or with European powers. The Irish dimension is represented in Chapter Two by Admiral William Brown's role in defeating the Brazilian Navy and the subsequent creation, in 1828, of Uruguay as an independent republic (see de Courcy Ireland, The Admiral from Mayo, below); and by the role of Eliza Lynch from Cork (Chapter Eight) in the destruction of Paraguay as a result of The War of the Triple Alliance against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, 1865-1870. (See also Brodsky, above, Hoyt Williams and Young, below).
Agustin Guimera Ravina, Burguesia Extranjera y Comercio Atlantico: La Empresa Comercial Irlandesa en Canarias, 1703-1771 (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Islas Canarias: Consejeria de Cultura y Deportes, Gobierno de Canarias, 1985). 18th century Irish commercial enterprise in the Canary Islands. For the Cullens and other Irish families, the Canaries were a stop and stepping-stone on the way to South America.
See McKenna, "Irish Emigration to Argentina: A Different Model" pp. 198, 210 in Bielenberg ed. below, for Cullens as one of leading merchant houses and landowners in Argentina.
Aubrey Gwynn, "An Irish Settlement on the Amazon" in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), Vol. XLI, Section C, No.1 (July 1932), pp. 1-54. This pioneering study of 17th C Irish tobacco planters must be supplemented with the more recent findings and interpretations of Joyce Lorimer, English and Irish Settlements, below. Evidence of Irish entrepreneurial drive and ability to prosper on tropical frontier exploiting indigenous labour force.
Aubrey Gwynn, "Documents Relating to the Irish in the West Indies" in Analecta Hibernica (Dublin), No. 4 (October 1932), pp. 139-286. Includes transcripts from Spanish and English archives relating to 17th C Irish proposals to settle on the Amazon.
Aubrey Gwynn, Father Thomas Field, S.J. (Dublin: The Irish Messenger, 1924). Pamphlet in the Sheaf Mission Series. Detailed account of pioneer Irish missionary in 16th--17th C Brazil and Paraguay. See Gwynn (next), Furlong, Kirby and MacErlean.
Aubrey Gwynn, "The First Irish Priests in the New World" in Studies, Vol. XXI, No. 82 (June 1932), pp. 213-228. Mentions work of Fr. Thomas Field or Fihilly in Brazil and Paraguay (see Gwynn, above). In author's opinion, Fr. Field, who arrived in Piratininga--modern Sao Paulo--in 1577, was "the first Irishman to have said Mass in the New World." Also mentions early 17th C Irish settlements on Amazon. Gwynn's claim on Fr. Field is subject to dispute. See John J. Silke, "The Irish Abroad, 1534-1691", in A New History of Ireland, Vol. III, Early Modern Ireland, 1534-1691, edited by T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin, and F.J. Byrne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 631: "The first Irish priest in the New World was perhaps Fr. Achilles Holden, who was teaching in the cathedral school of Santo Domingo, in the West Indies, at the early date of 1525."
Colonel Francis Hall, Letters written from Colombia, being a journey from Caracas to Bogota, and thence to Santa Martha in 1823 (London: G. Cowie and Co., 1824).
Colonel Francis Hall, Colombia: Its Present State, in Respect of Climate, Soil, Productions, Population, Government, Commerce, Revenue, Manufuctures, Arts, Literature, Manners, Education, and Inducements to Emigration, 2nd edn. (London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, 1827).
See entry under "An Officer Late in the Colombian Servive", above, for a possible anonymously published work by Hall.
Januario Henao, "El Dr. Hugo Blair", in Repertorio Histórico, Núm. 4 (Medellín: July 1905). See Aquiles
Echeverria and Enrique Echavvaria, above.
Edmundo Harker Puyana, Bucaramanga y los Puyana (Bucaramanga, Colombia: Editorial Camara de Comercio de Bucaramanga, 1984). How Francis O'Farrell of Ireland became Francisco Puyana of Colombia, and founded the prominent family of Puyana.
Isabel H. de Harrington, Un criollo irlandes (Buenos Aires, 1976). Biography of Alfredo Harrington, Irish-Argentine polo player. Think of hurling on horseback to appreciate how descendants of Wexford and Westmeath immigrants came to dominate this popular sport. See Hayes and King, below, for Gaelic sports in Argentina.
Alfred J. Hasbrouck, Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America (New York: Columbia UP, 1928; reprint New York: Octagon Books, 1969). Ph.D. thesis. Pioneering English-language account includes field research on Irish with Simon Bolivar. Lists some Irish wives and children with expedition. Biographical sketches of enlisted soldiers complement Lambert's attention to officers and strategy in Voluntarios, below.
Sean S. Hayes, C.F.C., "Hurling in Argentina" in A Century of Service (Dublin: Cumann Luthchleas Gael, 1984), pp. 80-82. Widely played by 1887, with the Hurling Club of Buenos Aires founded in 1900, this quintessential Gaelic game initially served as a cohesive factor in Argentina's Irish community. Shortage of imported hurleys (Argentine ash was too brittle) during trade interruptions of WW II, and growing discord among dwindling numbers of players led to 'the death of hurling' in Argentina. See King, below.
Januario Henao, "El Dr. Hugo Blair", en Repertorio Histórico, núm. 4, (Medellín: Julio de 1905). See Echeverri, 1972, above.
Ricardo Hogg, Patricio Lynch, novela historica (Buenos Aires: J. Suarez, 1929). The grandson of Patricio, 18th C founder of Argentina's Lynch family. For family branches and history, see McGinn, "Lynch Family" and Saez-Germain, below.
Terry Hooker and Ron Poulter, The Armies of Bolivar and San Martin (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1991). Number 232 in Osprey's Men-at-Arms series, this booklet concentrates on arms, uniforms and order-of-battle. Portraits of Bernardo O'Higgins and Morgan O'Connell. Peter Campbell (see Robertson, below) described. No bibliography.
Thomas Joseph Hutchinson, Buenos Ayres and Argentine gleanings: with extracts from a diary of Salada exploration in 1862 and 1863 (London: Edward Stanford, 1865). Observations on 19th century Argentina by an Irish-born entrepreneur who served as British consul in Rosario, Argentina. A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Hutchinson was a prolific author who traveled widely in Africa and South America. Among his other published works are volumes on Paraguay and Peru. Thomas Murray (1919, below), notes (p. 311) that authorship of Hutchinson's works was attributed by some to his wife, "a very brilliant Irishwoman" who had served as governess in the French royal family of Bonaparte.
Thomas Joseph Hutchinson, Buenos Aires y otras provincias argentinas; traduccion de Luis V. Varela, prologo y notas de J. Luis Trenti Rocamora (Buenos Aires: Editorial Huarpes, 1945). Spanish translation of Hutchinson, above.
Brian Inglis, Roger Casement: the biography of a patriot who lived for England, died for Ireland (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973). Chapter 6, Part Two covers Casement's term as Britain's Consul General in Rio de Janeiro, beginning in 1909. Chapters 1 through 5 of Part Three cover his explosive 1910 report on abuse of rubber-tappers by a British-owned company in Peru. This followed his earlier exposure of rubber trade cruelties in the Belgian Congo. See also Marshall, Brazil in British and Irish Archives, below.
John de Courcy Ireland, The Admiral from Mayo: A life of Almirante William Brown from Foxford (Dublin: Eamonn de Burca, 1995). Founder of Argentina's Navy. Previous accounts of Brown's youth in Ireland and North America shown to be unsupported. A balanced assessment of a complex character, despite acceptance of Brown's self-serving account of his Pacific voyage (see Brown, Memorias) over contradictory evidence, some of it previously published by the author (see de Courcy Ireland's "Admiral", next; Caillet-Bois, above; and Micheline Walsh, below). Includes brief biographical sketches of 87 seamen of Irish birth or origin serving in naval and mercantile fleets of Argentina and Uruguay. See also Arguindeguy & Bamio, above, and Ratto, below.
John de Courcy Ireland, "Admiral William Brown" in The Irish Sword, Vol. VI, No. 23 (Winter 1962), pp. 119-121. Letter from 1817 Wexford Herald presents an unflattering portrait of Brown's 1815-1816 voyage in the Pacific and his loyalty to the government of Argentina. See Brown and Caillet-Bois, above, and Micheline Walsh, below.
John de Courcy Ireland, Ireland and the Irish in Martime History (Co. Dublin: Glendale Press, 1986). Worldwide coverage includes Irish seamen serving Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Admiral Patricio Lynch of Chile profiled.
John de Courcy Ireland, "Irish Soldiers and Seamen in Latin America" in The Irish Sword, Vol. 1, No. 4 (1952-53), pp. 296-303.
John de Courcy Ireland, "Thomas Charles Wright: Soldier of Bolivar; Founder of the Ecuadorian Navy" in The Irish Sword, Vol. VI, No. 25 (Winter 1964), pp. 271-275. Drogheda-born veteran of the Napoleonic Wars distinguishes himself in the cause of South American independence; see also Lambert, Irish Soldiers, and Lambert, Voluntarios, Tomo I and Tomo III.
Maria Theresa Julianello & Maria Silvana Vazquez, "The Story of Camila O'Gorman" in Irish Roots, No. 3, 1996, pp. 18-19. Young woman from a prominent Irish-Argentine family executed by the Rosas regime in 1848 for eloping with Uladislao Gutierrez, a Catholic priest. Fr. Gutierrez was executed with Camila. See also Masefield, below.
Thomas Kelleher, Mission to the New World (Cork: Icon Communications, 1992). Commitment of the Diocese of Cork and Ross to Catholic ministry in Peru.
Dermot Keogh, "Argentina and the Falklands (Malvinas) the Irish Connection" in Alastair Hennessy and John Kings, eds., The Land that England Lost: Argentina and Britain, a Special Relationship (London: British Academic Press, 1992). The islands as entry points for emigrants before moving on to the mainland. Plus observations on social stratification in the Argentine-Irish community from 20th C Irish diplomatic dispatches.
Benedict Kiely, "The Man from the Pampas" in The Capuchin Annual, 1948, pp. 428-436. Biographical sketch of William Bulfin, Co. Offaly-born author of Tales of the Pampas (1900; 1997; see Bulfin, above) and Rambles in Eirinn (1907). In Buenos Aires, Bulfin edited The Southern Cross (below) and played an important role in introducing hurling to Argentina (see Hayes, above and King, below). Bulfin's staunch nationalism was inherited by his Argentine-born children; his son Eamonn served with Patrick Pearse in the Dublin GPO, 1916, while his daughter Catalina married the Irish Republican politician and activist Sean MacBride.
For full text, see:
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David Kiely, "Campbell, Peter (Pedro) (c. 1782-1832)", in Brian Lalor, ed., The Encyclopedia of Ireland (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 152. Good summary of the varied career of this Tipperary-born soldier who reached Argentina as a member of a British invasion force, deserted to join Jose Artigas' army fighting for the liberation of what was to become Uruguay, and is honored as the father of that nation's Navy.
David Kiely, "Guevara, Ernesto Che" in Lalor, Encyclopedia, p. 462. It is not true that Che was the "descendant of a Galway woman, Ana Lynch y Ortiz, settled in Argentina in the eighteenth century." She was in fact Che's grandmother, and was born in San Francisco, where her father had emigrated from Argentina to seek his fortune during the Gold Rush years. See McGinn, "Lynch Family", below.
David Kiely, "MacKenna, John (Juan) (1771-1814)" in Lalor, Encyclopedia, p. 674. As with the other personality profiles in this work, a useful summary of the role of this Tyrone-born general in the Army of Bernardo O'Higgins and the liberation of Chile from Spanish rule. He ran into trouble when O'Higgins' archrival, (Jose Miguel) Carrera, was restored to power, banishing MacKenna to Argentina. Rather than the uninformative "He died in a duel in Buenos Aires", it is a pity that the author or editors did not see fit to inform their readers that MacKenna's protoganist in that duel was Luis, another of three Carrera brothers--the third was Juan Jose--and that Luis Carrera's 'second' in the encounter was none other that William Brown from Mayo.
David Kiely, "O'Leary, Daniel Florence (1801-1854)" in Lalor, Encyclopedia, p. 824. Among the omissions is O'Leary's role as collector and collator of Bolivar's letters and documents. These were later published, in 32 volumes, by O'Leary's son, Simon Bolivar O'Leary. In 1882, O'Leary's remains were repatriated from Bogota, Colombia, where he died in 1854, to Caracas, Venezuela. A detail marking the high respect in which he is held by Venezuelans, and overlooked by the author, is that he was interred in the National Pantheon, the resting place of Bolivar's remains and those of other national heroes.
See McGinn, "Venezuela's Irish Legacy":
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David Kiely, "O'Higgins, Ambrose (Ambrosio), c. 1720-1810), in Lalor, Encyclopedia, p. 821. Career summary of the Meath-born emigrant who rose to Viceroy of Peru. Whether he was in fact born in Meath is questionable; the most thorough inquiry into his origins seems to point to Sligo as his birthplace, though this does not exclude a later family move to Meath; see De Breffny, above. That he "worked for a time as a pedlar" in Lima, as the author states, is also questionable; most accounts have him crossing the Andes from Argentina to Chile, not Peru, and laying the groundwork for a chain of weatherproof shelters en route.
See McGinn, {}
David Kiely, "O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778-1842)" in Lalor, Encyclopedia, p. 821. Career of the son of Ambrosio and the father of Chilean independence.
Seamus J. King, "Hurling in Argentina" in King, The Clash of the Ash in Foreign Fields: Hurling Abroad (Boherclough, Cashel, Co. Tipperary: Seamus J. King, 1998). Leading historian of hurling examines its rise and decline in Argentina. The game's golden age, during the 1920s and 1930s, captured in contemporary photographs. See Hayes, above.
Peadar Kirby, Ireland and Latin America (Dublin: Trocaire, Gill and Macmillan, 1992). In Part One, "An Irish Reading of the Latin American Story", author examines the region's failure to develop egalitarian and self-sufficient models of government in face of legacies of colonial conquest, economic dependency and elite-dominated political structures. Part Two, "Ireland and Latin America" surveys history of Irish contacts and settlements in South America and Caribbean from 16th through 19th Centuries, and chronicles Ireland's 20th C diplomatic and religious missions in Latin America.
Juan Carlos Korol and Hilda Sabato, Como fue la inmigracion Irlandesa en Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Plus Ultra, 1981). Demographic analysis of 19th C immigration.
Eric Lambert, "Arthur Sandes of Kerry" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XII, No. 47 (Winter 1975), pp. 139-46. An Irish-born general who settled in Ecuador after serving with distinction under Bolivar. See also McGinn, "St. Patrick's Day in Peru." Like many of Bolivar's Irish officers, Arthur Sandes had previously served in British uniform during the Napoleonic Wars (Sandes was present at Waterloo), only to find themselves demobilized after the Peace of 1815.
Eric Lambert, "General Francis Burdett O'Connor" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XIII, No. 51 (Winter 1977), pp. 128-33. Nephew of 1798 leader Arthur O'Connor's fights for Bolivar and settles in Bolivia. See also Dunkerley and Geary, above, and O'Connor and W.J. Williams, below.
Eric Lambert, "General O'Leary and South America" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XI. No. 43 (Winter 1973), pp. 57-74. Bolivar's ADC and biographer Daniel Florencio O'Leary from Cork who became a national hero in Venezuela. See also O'Leary and Perez Vila, below.
Eric Lambert, "Irish soldiers in South America, 1818-1830" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XVI, No. 62 (Summer 1984), pp. 22-35. More than 2,500 Irish volunteers joined the Independence struggle under Simon Bolivar. A revised version of article under same title that originally appeared in Studies, Vol. LVIII, No. 232 (Winter 1969), pp. 376-395.
Eric Lambert, Voluntarios Britanicos e Irlandeses en la Gesta Bolivariana. 3 Volumes. (Caracas: Edicion de la Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana, 1981, Tomo (Vol) I; Caracas: Ministerio de Defensa, 1993, Tomos II & III). Definitive history of Bolivar's Irish, English and Scots soldiers, written in English (28 chapters; 1,943 pp., inc. 334 pages of footnotes) by the late Dublin-based historian. Although the English-language original remains unpublished, the ms. was translated into Spanish by Teodosio Leal and published as this three-volume series in Caracas. Bibliography in Tomo I only; footnotes and indices in all published volumes. An unindexed feature of Tomo III, pp. 266-267, is an 1820 encounter in San Carlos, near Cienaga de Santa Marta in modern-day Colombia, between members of the Irish Legion and a family of monoglot Irish speakers named Collins, settled there as part of a colony of "free English" (ingleses libres) founded by Spain's King Carlos III. According to Lambert's account, only Arthur Sandes, a native Irish speaker from Kerry, succeeded in communicating with the Collins father and one of his daughters.
For a biographical sketch of Lambert's varied career, see:
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Eric T.D. Lambert, Carabobo, 1821 (Caracas: Fundacion John Boulton, 1974). Bilingual account of Irish and English participation in key battle for Venezuela's independence. Includes names and ranks of English and Irish participants, including casualties. (Eric T.D. Lambert is the same author as Eric Lambert, above).
Eric Lambert & F. Glenn Thompson, "Captain Morgan O'Connell of the Hussar Guards of the Irish Legion" in The Irish Sword, Vol. XIII, No. 53 (Winter 1979), pp. 281-282. Son of Ireland's 'Liberator' in the service of Simon Bolivar, South America's Liberator. The teenage captain saw no combat, but had his portrait painted in a hussar's uniform. See also McGinn, "Venezuela's Legacy" and O'Connell, below.
Roberto E. Landaburu, Irlandeses; Eduardo Casey, vida y obra (Venado Tuerto, Sta. Fe, Argentina: Fondo Editorial Mutual Venado Tuerto, 1995). Biography of Eduardo Casey, son of 19th C Irish immigrants who became the founding father of the present-day city of Venado Tuerto, in Argentina's Santa Fe Province. See MacLoughlin, "Casey", below.
Aloisius Carlos Lauth, A Colonia Principe Dom Pedro: um caso de politica imigratoria no Brasil Imperio (Brusque, Brazil: Museo Arquidiocesano Dom Joaquim, 1987). An unsuccessful 1868 attempt to settle Irish and English immigrants in Brazil's Santa Catarina State. See also Platt and Scully, below.
Longford Westmeath Argentina Society web site:
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"The Longford Westmeath Argentina Society, formed in 1989, is a historical and cultural group, which aims to promote a greater awareness of and maintain the relationship between the descendants of Irish emigrants to Argentina, and our own community.... The Society holds lectures, social events, outings, and an annual "Asado", as well as offering a point of contact for Argentine visitors to Ireland, and advice and contacts for local people making the trip to Argentina. Our meetings are generally held in Mullingar. Many of our members have visited Latin America, some independently, and others on a trip which was organised by the Society in the Autumn of 1998. People from other parts of Ireland are often amazed to learn of the links between this country and Argentina. However, in three Irish counties - Westmeath, Longford and Wexford - there is a strong awareness of these links, since these were the counties of origin of an estimated 60 per cent of the estimated 30,000 Irish who emigrated to Argentina during the 1800s."
Joyce Lorimer, ed., English and Irish Settlements on the River Amazon, 1550-1646 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1989). Tobacco planters in league with the Dutch. Analysis of contemporary account by the Co. Clare planter Bernardo O'Brien significantly extends evidence available to Aubrey Gwynn in "Irish Settlement", above.
Ricardo Marques Tapia, Tarqui, 1829; obra escrita con motivo del aquella batalla (Cuenca, Ecuador: Tip. de la Universidad, 1929). In addition to a biographical dictionary and chapters on leading South American military leaders and politicians, including General Sucre, has chapters on Daniel Florencio O'Leary (see also Lambert, "O'Leary", above) and Arturo (Arthur) Sandes. Valuable biographical background on Sandes' postwar career in Ecuador. See also Lambert, "Arthur Sandes of Kerry," above, and McGinn, "St Patrick's Day in Peru," below.
Oliver Marshall, Brazil in British and Irish Archives (University of Oxford: Centre for Brazilian Studies, 2002). Listings of Brazil-related holdings in the collections of the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast; and the National Archives of Ireland, the National Library of Ireland and Trinity College Library in Dublin. The National Library of Ireland collection includes the papers of Roger Casement, who served in a variety of consular positions and locations in Brazil between 1906 and 1913, and includes his 1910 report on the abuse of native rubber-tappers in the Putomayo region of the western Amazon (see Inglis, above). The NLI holdings also include four files of articles, both published and unpublished, by Irish journalist John J. Byrne-Newell, dated from the 1930s and 1940s. In addition to the Irish in Argentina and Bolivia, Byrne-Newell's subject matter includes 17th century Irish colonies on the Amazon and Colonel William Cotter's 19th century recruitment and transport of Irish families from Cork to Rio de Janeiro. For the Amazon, see also Gwynn, Irish Settlement and Lorimer, English and Irish Settlements, above; for Cotter, see von Allendorfer, above, and Robert Walsh, below).
Oliver Marshall, European Immigration and Ethnicity in Latin America: A Bibliography (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1991). Good range of sources for Irish in Argentina; thin on Brazil (and Mexico). Keep in mind, as author does, that in South America Irish were often classified as British or English (see Mulhall, English, below).
Oliver Marshall, The English-Language Press in Latin America (London: Institute of Latin American Studies, 1996). Well-researched background on William Scully's Anglo-Brazilian Times in Rio de Janeiro; Mulhall brothers' The Standard of Buenos Aires; and The Southern Cross (see below) of Buenos Aires. Also chronicles the more ephemeral publications serving the Irish community in Argentina, such as The Western Telegraph (1870-1872); The Irish Argentine (Azcuenaga, 1888-89), to which William Bulfin contributed; Fianna (1910-1912); and The Hibernian-Argentine Review (1906-1927).
Oliver Marshall, ed: English-Speaking Communities in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000). Anglo and Irish communities in Argentina. British in Brazil; Chile and Chilean Patagonia; Ecuador; Mexico; plus the Bay Islands and San Andres in the Caribbean Basin.
Oliver Marshall, English, Irish and Irish-American Pioneer Settlers in Nineteenth-Century Brazil (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Focusing on the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina,Parana and Sao Paulo,this study examines the linkages between English,Irish and Irish-American land colonization schemes in the 1860s and 1870s.
John Masefield, Rosas (New York: Macmillan & Co., 1918). An epic poem by the English poet laureate dealing with the 1848 execution of Camila O'Gorman (see Julianello and Vazquez, above) by Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas.
William McCann, Two Thousand Miles' Ride through the Argentine Provinces: Being an Account of the Country and the habits of the people, with a Historical retrospect of the Rio de la Plata, Monte Video and Corrientes. 2 Vols. (London: 1853; reprint New York: AMS Press, 1971). Late 1840s traveler in Argentine visits Irish and English landowners.
John MacErlean, S.J., "Irish Jesuits in Foreign Missions from 1574 to 1773" in The Irish Jesuit Directory (Dublin), 1930, pp. 127-138. Detailed listing of missionary priests and brothers in Brazil, Nuevo Reino (Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela), Paraguay and Peru.
Thomas D'Arcy McGee, A History of The Irish Settlers in North America. From the Earliest Period to the Census of 1850 (Boston: Office of the "American Celt", 1851). One of the earliest historians of Irish-America to include South America. The Irish officers under Bolivar and San Martin in South America's independence struggle.
Brian McGinn, "An Irishman's Diary", The Irish Times (Dublin), September 7, 1999, p. 15. How the Mulhall brothers from Dublin founded and profited handsomely from their pioneering publishing dynasty in Argentina. (See Marshall's Press, above, and The Standard, below).
Brian McGinn, "The Amazon Irish" in The Irish Echo (New York), March 11-17, 1992, p. 42. Journalistic account drawing on Gwynn, "Irish Settlement" and Lorimer, above.
Brian McGinn, "The Irish in Brazil" in Irish Roots (Cork), No. 22, 1997, pp. 25-26. Repeated failure of attempted Irish settlements, from 17th through 19th Centuries, contrasted with current blossoming of academic interest in Irish literature and music. (See Araujo Neto, Gwynn, "Irish Settlement" and Lauth, above; Platt and Scully, below).
Brian McGinn, "Brazil, the Irish in" in Brian Lalor, ed., The Encyclopedia of Ireland (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 120. Summarizes Irish contacts with Brazil, from the Jesuit missionary Fr. Thomas Field in 1577; Irish tobacco planters on the Amazon (1612-1629); Colonel Cotter's early 19th century recruitment of farmer-soldiers from Munster; and various other attempts to lure Irish immigrants from New York and England. An omission is the key role played by William Scully, the Irish-born editor of influential Anglo-Brazilian Times, in promoting the 19th century immigration schemes.
Brian McGinn, "The Lynch Family of Argentina" in Irish Roots, No. 2, 1993, pp. 11-14. 'Che' Guevara's roots in a Galway mercantile family that came via Spain in the 18th C and established branches in Chile as well as Argentina. (See Saez-Germain, below). There is no evidence to support fanciful press accounts that Guevara inherited any Irish blood via his mother's de la Serna family, nor that his paternal grandmother Any Lynch y Ortiz was a Famine-era immigrant born in Galway. The closest documented Irish connection is via Ana Lynch's great-great-grandfather Patricio Lynch, a native of Lydacan, Co. Galway. Ana herself was born in the United States, where her father Francisco Eustaquio Lynch married Eloisa Ortiz after leaving Argentina to join the 1849 California Gold Rush.
Brian McGinn, "The South American Irish", a four-part series in Irish Roots (Cork), Nos. 25-28, 1998. Historical survey focusing on 19th C Irish in countries other than Argentina. Obstacles facing historians and genealogists, including hispanicisation of Irish names and deliberate falsification of family histories, discussed. Irish immigrants in engineering, journalism, medicine surveyed. Irish as military ADCs and founders of Naval services.
Read Part 3 of the series (Number 27) at:
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Brian McGinn, "St. Patrick's Day in Peru" in Irish Roots, No. 1, 1995, pp. 26-27. Bolivar's Irish officers celebrate in the Peruvian mountains, 1824. Sandes (see Lambert, "Arthur Sandes") and General Sucre resolve dilemma of engagement to same woman. For full text, see No. 8 in The Irish in South America folder at IrishDiaspora.net
Brian McGinn, "Venezuela's Irish Legacy" in Irish America Magazine (New York), November 1991, pp. 34-37. John Devereux's 'Irish Legion' under Simon Bolivar. A veteran of the 1798 Rebellion in Wexford, Devereux profited handsomely while many of the soldiers he dispatched to Venezuela suffered disease, privation and early death. Read the article at: {}
Patrick McKenna, "Argentina, the Irish in." Entry in The Encyclopedia of Ireland, Brian Lalor, ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003): "contact began through the Irish colleges in Catholic Europe, and Irish graduates often enrolled in the colonial service of their adopted country as a means of gaining promotion and making their fortune. Consequently, a relatively small number of Irish people were to have an influence on Europan colonization out of proportion to their numbers. Irish emigration to Argentina illustrates this point ..." Concise summary of the various phases of emigration, from the Spanish Colonial era through Independence and the late 19th century.
Patrick McKenna, "Argentina, Irish writing in." Entry in Lalor, Encyclopedia, above. It is not true, as the author claims, that "all issues of the other (than The Southern Cross) Irish-owned newspaper, the Standard, are now lost." In Argentina, the complete collection of The Standard in 330 volumes (1861-1959) is held by the Max von Buch Library at the Universidad de San Andrés. In the U.S., the Library of Congress holds a limited run of issues, including the 80th Anniversary Number (1940) in hard copy and all 1927 issues on microfilm. In England, The Standard's issues from 1870 to 1952 can be consulted on microfilm in The British Library, Newspapers Division.
Patrick McKenna, "Irish migration to Argentina" in Patterns of Migration, ed. Patrick O'Sullivan, Vol. 1 of The Irish World Wide, History, Heritage, Identity (London: Leicester University Press, 1997). The best scholarly summary on this subject in English. How the forceful personality of Fr. Anthony Fahy, a Catholic chaplain from Galway, in league with Thomas Armstrong, a Protestant banker from Athlone, imposed an inward-looking and isolationist system of social control on the 19th C Irish community.
Patrick McKenna, "The Formation of Hiberno-Argentine Society" in Oliver Marshall, ed., English-Speaking Communities in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000; Hampshire & London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000).
Covers essentially the same ground as McKenna's "Irish migration", above, but with additional information on the Cullen and Carmody families. The former were descended from an Irish merchant family long established in the Canary Islands (p. 84, n. 6). The latter were a Co. Clare farming family who settled away from the main Irish colonies in Argentina and maintained their Irish-speaking tradition until at least 1900 (pp. 91-92, n. 24).
Patrick McKenna, "Irish Migration to Argentina: A Different Model". Paper presented at The Irish Centre for Migration Studies September 1997 conference "The Scattering - Ireland and the Irish Diaspora: A Comparative Perspective", held at University College Cork. Expanded and enhanced version of McKenna's chapter in O'Sullivan, Patterns, above.
Read the full text at:
{} or in Bielenberg, below.
Patrick McKenna, "Irish Migration to Argentina: A Different Model" in Andy Bielenberg, ed., The Irish Diaspora (Harlow, England: Pearson Education Ltd.; 2000) pp. 195-212. Published version of McKenna's paper from UCC's 1997 "The Scattering" conference (see Web version, above).
Patrick McKenna, Nineteenth Century Irish Emigration to, and Settlement in, Argentina (St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Co. Kildare: MA Geography Thesis, 1994). Examines an exclusively rural settlement model that initially depended on mutual assistance (via the medium of the Irish Catholic Church), rather than the rugged individualism (Protestant work ethic) characteristic of the U.S. and British-controlled colonies. The phenomenal early success of this model created in Argentina a distinctly Irish community that, until the 1950s, never urbanized or assimilated into the wider Argentine community. Also includes important insights into role of British army service in introducing Irish soldiers to Argentina, and immigrant recruitment strategies employed by early Irish arrivals.
Guillermo MacLoughlin, "Argentina: The Forgotten People" in Irish Roots (Cork), No. 4, 1993, pp. 6-7. Excellent overview by an Argentine-Irish genealogist and historian.
Guillermo MacLoughlin, "Casey and the One-Eyed Deer" in Irish Roots, No. 3, 1994, p. 20. First-generation Irish success exemplified by Eduardo Casey, the son of immigrant parents, who in 1880 purchased 1,700 square miles of land in Santa Fe Province and founded there the present-day city of Venado Tuerto, named after a one-eyed deer that alerted early settlers to attacks by local Indians. See Landaburu, above.
Guillermo MacLoughlin Breard, "Los Primeros Irlandeses Vinieron con Magellanes." The Southern Cross, August-September 1991, p. 6. Evidence of Irish crewmen, the first documented in South America, on Magellan's 1520 voyage of circumnavigation.
Guillermo MacLoughlin, "The forgotten people: the Irish in Argentina and other South American countries" in Celtic News (Buenos Aires), March, April, and May/June, 1998. Lecture delivered at "The Scattering: Ireland and the Irish Diaspora" Conference, UCC, September 1997. Shared religion eased social acceptance of many Irish into Argentine elite, while English languagea bonus in other destinationsremained a barrier for others. Halt of Irish immigration by 1880s transformed more isolated Hiberno-Argentine families into case studies of old-fashioned Irish cultural and linguistic traditions. Read the text at:
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Guillermo MacLoughlin, "The Irish in South America" in Aspects of Irish Genealogy, eds. M.D. Evans & Eileen O'Duill (Dublin: Irish Genealogical Congress Committee, 1993), pp. 170-177. Lecture delivered at the 1st Irish Genealogical Congress in 1991.
John J. Mehegan, O'Higgins of Chile; a brief sketch of his life and times (London: J. & J. Bennett, Ltd.; 1913). Biography of Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842) and his role in Chile's War of Independence, 1810-1824.
Alicia Mulhall Duggan de Noailles, "A biographic sketch of a journalist: Edward T. Mulhall" in The Southern Cross: numero centenario (Buenos Aires: Editorial Irlandesa, 1975). Co-founder of The Standard (see Marshall, English Language Press, above).
Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, "Erin in South America" in The Irish Rosary, Vol. XII, No. 11, November 1908, pp. 810-819. Primarily about Argentina, "the most flourishing Irish Colony, perhaps, in the world." Fr. Fahy and fellow chaplains (see Ussher, below) exercised paternal care of the fortunes and faith of "great Hibernio-Argentine millionaires." Author's husband was the journalist and statistician Michael G. Mulhall.
Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, Between the Amazon and the Andes; or, Ten years of a Lady's Travels in the Pampas, Gran Chaco, Paraguay and Matto Grosso, by Mrs. M.G. Mulhall (London: Edward Stanford, 1881).
Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, Explorers in the New World before and after Columbus and the story of the Jesuit missions of Paraguay (London: Longmans, Green & co., 1909). South American history through the Wars of Independence, 1806-1830.
Michael G. Mulhall, The English in South America (Buenos Aires: The Standard, 1878; reprint New York: Arno Press, 1977). For English, read English-speaking. Strongest on Irish in Argentina, where author was personally acquainted with most figures prominent in late 19th C business, politics, science and military affairs. Surprisingly sloppy on details such as dates, since author was also a noted statistician (The Dictionary of Statistics, 1892). Mulhall's carelessness with numbers apparently extends to the date he reports (1861, page 577) for the first edition of his and his brother's Handbook of the River Plate, which he claims as the first English-language book published in South America. (The handbook was first published, under the title River Plate Handbook, in 1863). His wife was the equally prolific author Marion MacMurrough Mulhall, above.
Michael G. Mulhall, Rio Grande do Sul, and its German Colonies (London: Longman, Green and Co., 1873).
M.G. & E.T. Mulhall, Handbook of Brazil (Buenos Aires, Standard Printing-Office, 1877). Directory. See also Scully, below.
M.G. & E. T. Mulhall, Handbook of the River Plate, Comprising Buenos Ayres, The Upper Provinces, Banda Oriental, and Paraguay. 2 Vols. (Buenos Aires: Standard Printing-Office, 1869). Regional directory and promotional guide published by the Dublin-born brothers and editors of The Standard newspaper in Buenos Aires (1861-1959). Originally published, as The River Plate Handbook, in 1863; five other editions, under the 1869 title, above, published through 1892.
Edmundo Murray, Irish Diaspora Studies in Argentina (website) {}
Geneva-based scholar presents a cornucopia of carefully-selected texts and data on Irish Argentina. Includes a comprehensive bibliography with links to online texts, an index of Irish placenames and landmarks in Argentina, and a ground-breaking study of the travel modes and patterns of 19th century emigrants from Ireland to Argentina.
Edmundo Murray, Becoming "Irlandes": Private Narratives of the Irish Emigration to Argentina, 1844-1912 (Buenos Aires: Literature of Latin America, 2005).
Edmundo Murray, Devenir Irlandés: Narrativas Intimas de la Emigración Irlandesa a la Argentina 1844-1912. (Buenos Aires: Eudeba--University of Buenos Aires Press, 2004).
See citations for reviews by Juan Jose Delaney and Inés Praga Terente, and note by Patrick O'Sullivan, under No. 9 in this folder.
John Murray, S.J., "The Irish and Others in Argentina" in Studies (Dublin) No. 38 (1949), p. 377-388. Perspectives of a 20th C Irish missionary. British community's insularity contrasted with the Irish ability to assimilate while retaining distinctive characteristics.
Thomas Murray, The Story of the Irish in Argentina (New York: P.J. Kenedy & Sons, 1919). The history of the Irish community, from the perspective of an outside observer intimately familiar with Irish Argentina's people and places, and in the language characteristic of early 20th C Irish Catholic nationalism. Criticism of The Standard's Dublin-born publisher Michael Mulhall (above) as a shoneen (or West Briton) illustrates how contemporary political divisions in Ireland were reflected in Argentina's Irish community. Includes useful lists of contributors to Irish charities within Argentina and to 1847 Famine relief fund for Ireland. Curiously, little is known of the author himself, who admits (p. 500) to a limited grasp of Spanish and who dedicates his monumental work "to the Irish-Argentine people amongst whom I have passed so many pleasant years..." His choice of P.J. Kenedy & Sons, New York's premier Catholic Irish publishing house, suggests that Murray was either Irish-American, or an Irish-born emigrant to the U.S., prior to extensive residence and travel in Argentina. Though dated, still essential as the only published English-language book on the subject.
Hilary Murphy, "When Wexford farmers emigrated to Brazil", in Journal of the Irish Family History Society (1968), pp. 443. Emigrants from the Barony of Forth, Co. Wexford in the Brazilian colony of Dom Pedro II, also known as Monte Belo.
Copyright © 1999-2004 by Brian McGinn, all rights reserved. This bibliograpy may be used for non-profit educational purposes if proper credit is given to Brian McGinn and to the Irish Diaspora Studies website. For other permission, please contact patrickos@NOSPAMirishdiaspora.net.
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